國際貨櫃港埠之經營績效及環境效率 評估與分析

Abstract

目前世界經濟活動正快速的發展，國際貿易日趨頻繁，各國之間的貨物流通以及商品貿易大多需藉由海上運輸來達成，港口之間的競爭亦十分激烈，各港口管理單位也積極提升自身港埠的競爭力，過去有許多研究針對港口間的生產力、競爭力進行港口效率的評估與探討；隨著環境保護的議題受到重視，港埠營運所生產的大量的汙染氣體排放不僅造成大環境的破壞也影響民眾健康，因此，在進行港埠績效評估時，應將港口的環境表現一同納入，來衡量港埠的效率。 本研究將評估與分析港口的經營效率及環境績效，當中的環境因素為港口因處理貨物運輸所產生的溫室氣體排放。由於目前對港口本身進行排放統計的港埠不多，亦無相關平台與組織對該方面進行統整，故藉由逐一查詢各貨櫃港埠的公開報告書，蒐集並彙整出各貨櫃港埠的溫室氣體排放量，針對資料完整性較佳的北美地區9個國際貨櫃港埠為研究對象，以資料包絡分析法作為考量環境因素下之效率評估的方法，並選用考量非意欲產出的SBM模式對於北美9個國際貨櫃港埠進行環境效率的評估，藉由效率評分與排名了解目前各港口考量環境因素下的效率表現，利用差額變數分析了解無效率的港埠其溫室氣體的超額排放量以及投入與產出的差額，確認各項投入與產出需改善的數量。除了針對港埠考量環境因素下之效率進行評估外，也利用傳統的CCR模式與BCC模式評估港埠的經營效率，比較港埠的經營效率與環境效率，並探討營運表現良好的港埠是否在環境效率表現上也存在相同的結果。另外，會將台灣3個主要港埠加入討論，針對北美9港口與台灣3個主要港口，高雄港、基隆港以及台中港，共計12個港口進行環境效率的分析，並對效率分析結果加以探討。 最後會針對被評為相對無環境效率的港口，分別對其主要排放源提出具體的減排方案，提供港口管理單位作為參考。

With the rapid development of world trading, many of the cargos are transported by international shipping through ports. Ports compete with each other and port authorities are committed to improve the competitiveness of ports. Numerous studies have researched the productivity and operational efficiency of ports, but studies on environmental efficiency of ports are limited. Port releases huge amounts of air emissions, damaging the environment and affecting people's health. Therefore, when port efficiencies are estimated, the generated pollution should also be considered. This study considers greenhouse gas emissions generated by ports as an undesirable output, and estimates the operational efficiency and environmental efficiency of ports simultaneously. Data sources are from 9 container ports in North America which have conducted detailed estimation of the greenhouse gas emissions and reported in Air Emission Inventory reports. On the methodology, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach has been applied to assess performances. The Slack-Based Model (SBM-DEA) capable for handling undesirable output is used to measure environmental efficiency of ports and also can able to capture slack values of greenhouse gas excess and input excess as well as output shortage. The CCR model and BCC model of DEA are also used to estimate the operating efficiency of ports. Then, we compare the result of environmental efficiency and operational efficiency of ports and check if the port with good performances on operational efficiency could get good performance on environmental efficiency. Finally, ports of Kaohsiung, Taichung and Keelung are included in the performance evaluation to realize their relative performances as compared with the North America ports. Policies implications and suggestions for reducing air emissions are also summarized