高齡者交通安全風險感認影響因素之探討

Abstract

摘 要 隨著醫療衛生、居住環境、科技、社會的快速進步以及生育率的降低，使得民眾平均壽命延長，同時也產生社會人口結構老化的趨勢。依據聯合國定義，高齡者係指年齡65歲以上之人口，一個國家65歲以上人口占總人口超過7％時稱為「高齡化社會」，若超過14％時，即屬「高齡社會」。在國際上，「人口高齡化」是近年來已開發國家普遍所面臨到的現象，2003年全世界人口達63億人，65歲以上人口占7％。這股席捲全球的人口高齡化浪潮，在未來幾年將更趨明顯，最主要的原因在於第二次世界大戰後出生的嬰兒潮世代（1946∼1964年生），年紀最大者目前已經58歲，在2011年將達到65歲，正式邁入高齡人口行列。我國老年人口在1993年時達到人口的7％，開始正式步入聯合國所謂的「高齡化社會」。根據內政部戶政司統計，截至93年，臺閩地區65歲以上老年人口總數已達215萬人，佔總人口9.48％，較十年前增加60萬人。 以往對高齡者運輸之探討多著重於運輸之需求，旅次活動特性，且甚少針對高齡者之心理層面作探討，而涉及到心理層面的風險感認之研究則更是少之又少。動機模式（Motivational Model）提到風險伴隨的可能結果是影響行為決策的關鍵因素。Summala指出對道路之風險感認降低，會使用路者之危險行為出現頻率增加。Lund認為提高道路安全風險感認，可作為降低交通事故的對策。 本研究參考過去道路使用者風險感認相關研究，建立高齡者風險感認研究架構；依此架構發展衡量國內機車使用者風險感認程度之量表，以驗證本研究中潛在變數之間因果關係假設是否成立。本研究於民國94年3月對台灣北部地區之高齡者進行調查，最終獲得有效問卷290份。並以敘述統計、多變量分析、結構方程式、羅吉特模式以及Logistic迴歸等數量方法進行資料分析與統計檢定。 本研究發現風險感認除了會影響高齡者外顯交通行為之外，也是影響高齡者運具選擇之重要因素之一。性別、年齡、駕駛經驗、生理機能、認知功能、外來訊息刺激、焦慮性、謹慎性，會影響高齡者之風險感認態度。 結構方程模式顯示，高齡者之自主式運具風險感認會受到外來訊息刺激、生理機能、認知功能、焦慮性、謹慎性之正向影響；非自主式運具風險感認則會受到外來訊息刺激、認知功能、焦慮性、謹慎性之正向影響。

ABSTRACT According to the definition by United Nations, a society having more than 7% of its total population over 65 in age is an aged society. The proportion of the aged to total population of Taiwan has been over 7% since 1993. In 2004, the percentage of people over 65 is 9.48%. Taiwan is now an aging society and will face the common problems most the aged countries have. The transportation studies for the elder have been focused on the demands of transportation and travel activity. Very little research has been done to explore the travel behavior through psychological aspects, such as motivation and risk perception for traveling. Motivational model indicates that the risk perception is one of the key factors that affect the decision of behavior. Summala found that the lower level the risk perception is, the more the risk-taking behavior people will have. Lund found that enhancing people’s risk perception can be an effective strategy to reduce traffic accidents. This study is conducted to develop a framework to measure the risk perception for traveling and its influential factors for the elder in Taiwan. A questionnaire was then designed to collect the required data for model calibration. The survey was conducted by interviewing the elders in Northern Taiwan during March of 2005, and 290 effective samples were collected for empirical study in this research. Several statistical analysis tools were employed in this study, including descriptive statistics, multivariate statistical analysis, structural equation models, logit models and logistic regression models. The study results showed the risk perceptions affect not only the elder’s behavior but also their mode choice. Different genders, ages, driving experience, sensory functioning, cognitive functioning, message, anxiety, conscientiousness were also found to have different levels of risk perception for the elder. The study results of the Structural Equation Model (SEM) showed the message, sensory functioning, cognitive functioning, anxiety, and conscientiousness are the significant factors the affect the elder’s risk perceptions to their self-mode choice. But only the message, cognitive functioning, anxiety, and conscientiousness affect the elder’s risk perceptions to their non-self-mode choice.