我國勞動檢查與職業災害關係之研究

Abstract

我國勞動檢查自民國76年行政院勞工委員會成立以來，積極修正公布勞動檢查法、勞工安全衛生法，以建構良好勞動檢查制度，尤其自民國90年起陸續推動四年降災中程計畫及全國233減災方案，以降低死亡及殘廢等嚴重職業災害，由歷年職災統計趨勢圖可以看出職災死亡或殘廢千人率皆呈現下降趨勢，而職災傷病千人率卻無此趨勢，反而呈現緩慢上升趨勢，有鑑於此，勞委會於98年訂定「職業安全衛生促進方案」，訂定3年內(98年至100年)降低勞工保險職業災害千人率(含死亡、殘廢及傷病)至千分之四以下，已將傷病之降低列入施政目標，扭轉職災傷病千人率上升趨勢。 因此本研究透過勞委會建立之統計資料庫，針對民國76年至97年勞動檢查廠(場)次、罰鍰件次、停工件次與職業災害千人率，藉由關係圖、迴歸分析等瞭解勞動檢查與職業災害千人率之關係程度與未來可能趨勢，並分析勞委會執行降災計畫前後職災之趨勢，以評估各階段勞動檢查對降災之效能，使檢查資源作有效分配，並運用死亡千人率與受檢廠(場)次差異比較，探討檢查改善期對降災效果之遞延效應。 此外，製造業與營造業勞工組成及作業型態不同，職災類型亦不相同，惟職業災害頻率及嚴重度皆較其他行業為高，因此探討製造業、營造業職業災害與勞動檢查廠(場)次之關係，藉以調整應用不同檢查策略。 本研究經由分析與討論，發現勞動檢查對於降低職災死亡率及殘廢率有明顯效果，對於降低傷病率之效果有限。勞委會多年來積極推動之降災計畫，已有效降低職災之發生率，且由職災之改善期遞延效應，於訂定降低職災檢查計畫時，至少要兩年以上才能觀察其成效，而執行勞動檢查對降低職業災害之效益值(貢獻值)，將隨著職業災害的降低而越來越小，因此政府除推動勞動檢查外，必須尋求其他配套措施，如宣導、輔導等，我國勞工安全才能達到先進國家之水準。

Since the establishment of the Council of Labor Affairs of the Executive Yuan in 1987, the government has actively amended and promulgated the Labor Inspection Law, and the Labor Safety and Health Act, in a view to construct a comprehensive and unified labor inspection system. Among them, the most prominent are the 2001 4-Year Medium Hazards Reduction Plan and the 233 Hazards Reduction Project aiming to reduce occupational fatality, injury and maim. Although statics trend diagram indicates a clear decrease of all occupational hazards over the years, injuries ratio per thousandth shows the opposite, instead, there is a steady increase. Setting a ratio of less than 4 thousandth as it administration goal, Council of Labor Affairs has enacted the Occupational Safety and Hygiene Enhancement Project in 2009, to reverse the trend in 3 years (2009 ~ 2011). By using relationship diagram and regression analysis, the study intends to understand the relationship and future trend between labor inspection and occupational injury ratio per thousandth, by referencing to the databank of Council of Labor Affairs concerning the frequency of on-site inspection, numbers of violation fine cases and work stoppage, and the occurrence of occupational hazards per thousandth between 1987 ~ 2008. Further analysis will be focused on the trends before and after the Council’s implementation of hazards reduction plan, to assess the efficacy of labor inspection on hazards reduction at each stage, to make effective allocation of the inspection resources, and to explore, examine and improve the duration effect by employing fatality/injury ratio per thousandth and comparison between the frequency of on-site inspections. Furthermore, the relationship between occupational hazards and on-site labor inspection frequency of manufacturing and construction industries is also discussed to adjust and apply different inspection strategies, since both industries differ in occupational hazards due to different composition and operational modes, which lead to higher occupational hazards frequency and more severity than other industries. Through analysis and discussion, the research found that labor inspection has a significant effect on lowering the death rate and disability rate arising from occupational injuries, but has a limited effect on decreasing the injury rate and illness rate. For many years, Council of Labor Affairs Executive Yuan has enthusiastically pushed forward occupational injury reducing plan, which has dropped the incidence rate of occupational injuries effectively. Also, because of the time lag effect of occupational injury’s improvement period, it must take at least two years to observe the result when making an occupational injury lowering inspection plan. Besides, the benefit value (contribution value) of executing the labor inspection for decreasing occupational injuries will diminish with the lowering of occupational injuries. Hence, in addition to propelling labor inspection, the government must seek other supporting measures such as publicity, guidance, and assistance, so as to make the labor safety in Taiwan achieve the standard of advanced countries.