材料本土化觀點之成長中產業競爭優勢探討--以台韓TFT LCD用光學膜產業為例

Abstract

我國TFT LCD產業起源於中游面板製造，由於面板技術大都來自日本大廠，其上游關鍵零組件及材料在產業初始時則都依賴進口，材料自給率非常低。自1998年起 TFT LCD產業進入成長期階段，有高達七家面板廠相繼投入不同世代生產線，投入生產設備面積尺寸愈來愈大，面板業界不但面臨不同世代製程技術建立及良率考驗，又要面臨上游零組件及材料穩定來源及成本掌握(材料成本高達六成以上，且愈大尺寸材料成本愈高)。為能提升TFT LCD產業競爭力，我國政府自 1998年起即將平面顯示器產業技術列入國家重點發展計畫(即2002~2007年）之「兩兆雙星」產業策略，政府大力鼓勵國內業者投入上游關鍵零組件材料及國外大廠來台投資設廠，同時並推動多項大型科專計畫，以全力提升面板及上游材料技術發展。 我國TFT LCD產業最大競爭者為韓國，該產業在韓國發展的歷程與面臨問題與台灣非常雷同，唯一不同是韓國面板業者之家數不如台灣多。為能深入探討關鍵材料，特別是光學膜本土化對成長中產業發展模式、效益及影響以及探討台韓二國企業核心競爭力之關鍵成功因素，本文將藉文獻回顧的整理以及專家訪談與調查來探討我國TFT LCD用光學膜本土化核心競爭力，並以Michael Porter(1990)的鑽石模型、五力分析與SWOT分析為主要分析工具及理論依據。本文採從台灣韓國TFT LCD材料產業分析包括材料發展現況、上下游供應鏈與產業發展等方向切入分析，由於TFT LCD結構複雜，關鍵材料項目眾多，背光模組用光學膜本土化在台韓兩國發展相對完整，光學膜佔面板材料成本比重也相對重要，因此本論文主要以應用在背光模組稜鏡片之光學膜產業作為深入分析的重點。從企業資源、市場大小與發展潛力、國家體系、技術發展模式與能力等客觀競爭條件因素，比較台灣韓國的光學膜產業本土化模式與策略，並進而分析其對面板產業的效益與影響。最後本研究將歸納出在成長中產業的材料本土化發展最佳模式及其核心競爭策略，以提供政府擬訂產業政策及企業建立競爭優勢的參考與依據。

The TFT LCD industry originally stemmed from mid-stream panel manufacturing. Since panel technology was mostly provided by the dominant Japanese companies, key upper-stream components and materials relied on imports in the early stage of development of the industry, which had a relatively low self-sufficiency rate in materials. The TFT LCD industry entered the growth stage in 1998, with up to seven panel factories investing in production lines of various generations in succession. With the area and dimensions of production equipment becoming larger and larger, the panel industry not only faces the challenges of establishing process technologies for different generations and maintaining good yield, but also needs to secure the supply of upper-stream components and materials and maintain cost control, with the material cost as high as over 60% and even higher as panel sizes grow. In order to increase the competitive advantage of the TFT LCD industry, the government has included flat panel display technology in the industry strategy of “Two Trillion & Twin Star” as listed in the 2002-2007 national development plan since 1998. The government has been greatly encouraging domestic businesses to invest in key upper-stream components and materials and motivating foreign major companies to open semiconductor fabrication plants (fabs) in Taiwan. Meanwhile, several large-scale technology development programs are being promoted to fully foster development in panel and upper-stream materials. The biggest competitor for the TFT LCD industry in Taiwan is South Korea. The same industry in South Korea has a similar history of development and issues, except that there are fewer panel companies in South Korea. To further understand how the localization of key materials, especially optical film, affects the development model and efficacy of the growing industry and to explore the key factors of success in the core competitiveness for the related industries in Taiwan and South Korea, this article presents the study on the core competitiveness of optical film localization in Taiwan’s TFT LCD industry using a literature review as well as interviews and surveys with experts. In addition, the Diamond Model and the Five Force Model by Michael Porter (1990) and SWOT analysis are utilized as analytical tools and to form a theoretical basis. The analysis of the TFT LCD material industry in Taiwan and South Korea in this article includes aspects such as current material development, upper and down stream supply chain, and industry development. Given the complex structure of TFT LCD, numerous key components, and relatively complete development of the prizm localization in both Taiwan and South Korea, optical film becomes an important portion of the cost in the panel materials. As a result, this thesis will be focused on the analysis of the optical film used in the back-light lens industry. The models and strategies of optical film localization in Taiwan and South Korea are compared by considering the objective conditions in competitiveness such as industry resources, market size, development potential, national system, and model and capability of technology development, followed by an analysis of the associated benefit and effect on the panel industry. In the end, the best model for development of material localization for growing industry and the corresponding core competition strategy are presented as the reference and basis for the government in setting industrial policy and for the industry in establishing competitive advantages.