東勢地區三山國王信仰之淵源與流變

Abstract

本研究以前輩學者的東勢地方史研究成果為基礎，一方面聚焦於探討東勢地區三山國王信仰的傳播淵源，一方面藉由廟內三山國王祭典舉行的情形，說明祭儀的獨特性與區域性。本文貢獻在於以各三山國王廟內三山國王以外之他神信仰祭儀，包含天神、媽祖、關公、土地公等，歸納整理出三山國王受他神影響而產生信仰流變。 本研究首先回溯十八、十九世紀東勢地方開發史相關文獻，並加入田野調查訪得的三山國王廟的碑文或沿革文本，勾勒出東勢的開墾進程、開墾先祖來源與三山國王信仰三者間的聯繫。 其次，以實際參與三山國王進香、繞境、犒將等祭典活動，所蒐集七間廟宇祭儀的相關資料，整理並比較其祭儀活動，進而歸納出三山國王祭典在東勢的普同性，以及因地理空間與聚落發展的因素，所呈現的差異性。本文發現三山國王的信仰越接近清代隘防線便越傳統，反之，清代保留區內，亦即當代街區之三山國王則變異與式微較多。 最後，為理解這一分布趨勢的成因，本文從天神、媽祖、關公、土地公等祭祀活動中呈現的祭儀、信徒的參與、祭祀組織、祭典的時間等面向，分析三山國王廟內主神與他神共存的情形。本文認為東勢三山國王的主神地位之變遷實係受到其所處之多神競合關係中，來自於他神的影響。

This study was based on the research of Tungshih local history. On the one hand, this study focus on researching the origin of belief of Three Mountain Kings, on the other hand, interpret the uniqueness and regionalism of Three Mountain Kings by situation of holding ritual. The contribution of this study is to draw a conclusion to collect the alternation of belief in the Three Mountain Kings by rituals of Haven Gods, Mazu, Kuanti, and Earth God. First, this study reviewed the literature of Tungshih development history in eighteen and nineteen centuries, and drawing the connection of Tungshih development, the origins of forerunners, and believers of the Three Mountain Kings by the epitaphs and literatures from field survey. Second, this study concluds the commonality and difference in the festival of the Three Mountain Kings in Tungshih by collecting the related data and comparing the ritual activities through attending pilgrimage, and rewarding the god troops. According to the analysis of the data, the finding of this study showed that the belief was more traditional when people near aboriginal defense line. On the other hand, the belief in reserve area had more variation and declined. Finally, to figure out the reason of this distribution, this study analyzed the relationship between the Three Mountain Kings and the other gods, like Haven Gods, Mazu, Kuanti, and Earth God. This study showed the status transition of the cult of Three Mountain Kings in Tungshih was affected by other gods. Key words: Tungshih、cult、The Three Mountain Kings、Haven God, Mazu, Kuanti, and Earth God, Hakka