臺北市公共汽車管理處最適組織型態之研究

Abstract

過去，政府為促進經濟均衡發展，而統籌規劃管理公共事業，然隨著外在 環境的變遷，政策目標的改變及經濟趨向自由化潮流下，此種由政府負責 所有經濟事務之必要性已引起強烈質疑，且因公營事業單位經營普遍存在 績效不彰問題，間接損及全民利益，致使要求釋出經營權，以提高經濟效 率和達到資源有效配置之聲浪有如風起雲湧而來。有鑑於此，目前各國運 輸業之經營管理趨勢，多朝向民營化、釋出政府股權，以期透過民間企業 化有效管理之方式達到績效提高，而政府則專注於行政事務的推動，合理 競爭規則之制定與良好市場競爭環境的提供，藉由市場公平、自由競爭， 使市民得到最佳之服務。在臺北都會區，公車運輸扮演著重要角色，其中 惟一公營的單位臺北市公共汽車管理處（以下簡稱公車處）更是主要肩負 大臺北都會區運輸的機構。惟近年來因身份和經營績效不彰問題，而面臨 組織型態抉擇。在「身份問題」方面，依公路法三十九條第二款規定：「 ．．．汽車運輸業，應依法辦理公司或商業登記」，其立法精神係為避免 管制機關與受管制者屬同一單位，影響管制功能之發揮；且亦可使受管制 者能脫離主管機關人事及財務的干擾，而能以企業化方式從事經營，使企 業健全發展。查公車處目前係直屬臺北市政府交通局，並未依法辦理公司 登記，致產生了監理與營運業務混淆，而無法依企業化方式經營。在「經 營績效不彰問題」方面，因受近年來都市生活型態改變、各項重大交通工 程施工、個人運具快速成長等因素影響，致使原有之公車族，逐漸流失， 其中尤以公車處為甚。期間公車處雖曾研擬多項改善措施，如「開源節流 」、「加強調度管理」、「加強行車安全」、「厲行排冒防制」等，惟成 效有限，經分析主因乃為行政機關體制、法令制度多重束縛、組織運作層 級節制不適企業經營等因素所致。有鑑於此，為達改善公車處營運目標， 一最適公車處的組織型態是迫切需要的。而本文僅就該處之內部經營現況 問題加以分析，並利用多評準決策方法來評選各可行組織型態之方案，其 中各評估準則相對重要度之計算採用層級分析法（Analysis Hierarchy Process，AHP），構建出公車處最適組織型態的階層結構，以方案評選優 先順位排序之TOPSIS（Technique for Order Performance by Similarity Ideal Solution）方法進行方案評選工作，以期得一最適公 車處組織型態。 In the past, the government will plan and manage the public utility simultaneously, so as to promote the economy development with equilibrium. As a result of changing in the external real world, variation of politic object and current of economy freedom, there comes the doubt whether it is necessary for the government to take the responsibility for all of the economic affairs. What is more, there will always exist the phenomenon of performance inefficiency in the public utility, and that damage the benefit of the public indirectly, so there comes the urgent requests, successively, of improving economy efficiency and distributing resources optimized. In view of the states mentioned above, tendency of transportation business in most of country is to be private and to release the stocks which are owned by government, so as to raise the performance by the efficient management of the private business-oriented industry, and the government can be absorbed in executing the administrative affairs, setting up suitable competitive rules and providing fine environments of competitive markets. By means of fair market and free competing, citizen can get the finest service.Bus transportation play an important part in the Taipei metropolitan area, and the only publicly-owned bus company - Taipei City Bus Administration ( abbreviated to TCBA) is the major organization offering public transport service in the Taipei metropolis area. In recent years, on account of identity uncertainly and performance inefficiently, TCBA is being faced with the choice of organization mode.In the way of identity uncertainly , in accordance with the article 39 paragraph 2 of highway law- " the vehicle transportation industry should apply for corporation or commercial registration.", The purpose of the article quoted above is to avoid the regulator to be as so called "serve player and judge concurrently", as to affect the effect of regulation, and it can also make the operator avoid the intervention of personnel and finance from the regulator, so as to operate in line with the principle of business administration and make the organization develop in good condition. TCBA, administered directly by Bureau of Transportation of Taipei city government, have not apply for corporation registration by law, so there is a confusion between infection and operation affairs, and cannot operate with the principle of business management. On the part of performance inefficiently, under the influence of the change of city life style, several traffic infrastructure being under construction, personal vehicles increasing rapidly, and so on ,which make bus passengers have decreased gradually in recent years, especially for TCBA. Although MCBA has taken several measures of improvement, such as "reinforce the dispatch management" ,"intensify drive safety" ,"practice prevention pollution of exhaust gas" and so on, but the effect is insignificant, by inspecting, it is result from administrative organization system, multiple restrain in law and regulation, the organization operating system is not suitable for business operation, and so on.Meanwhile, in order to achieve the goal of promoting TCBA operation, it is indeed necessary to develop an optimal TCBA organization mode. In this paper, it is discussed that the question of operation circumstance within TCBA. The Multi-criteria decision method ( MCDM) is applied to evaluate and select every feasible alternative of organization mode. The Analysis Hierarchy Process method( AHP ) is adopted to compute the relative weight or significant of every evaluation indicator, so as to formulate the level framework of optimal organization mode of TCBA, and by using the Technique for Order Performance by Similarity Ideal Solution method ( TOPSIS ) of the alternative evaluation and selection priority order, and then obtain an optimal TCBA organization mode.Key Words: AHP, MCDM, TOPSIS, Bus operation, Taipei City Bus Administration (TCBA ) organization mode