棒球文化：紅土上的原住民文化展演和運動儀式

Abstract

本文勾勒棒球場上的文化展演和運動儀式，以及球場如何成為原住民的文化再現舞台。透過民族誌的研究方法，貼近原住民球員的運動世界，參與觀察其訓練流程和比賽實況，梳理出紅土上的原住民棒球文化。本研究關注有四：一、從運動儀式中的喊聲與戰歌，檢視原住民球員和親友啦啦隊如何轉借、挪用和重構原住民文化元素。二、棒球如何發揮社會凝聚的功能，運動儀式又如何化解衝突和維持整合。三、運動文化如何體現出靈力與禁忌的信仰體系。四、初探棒球文化與原住民文化的異形同構和文化創生的內涵。從兩者的社會組織運作邏輯、年長制的階序身分、權力賦予和資源分配，勾勒出文化親近是原住民打棒球的「族群特殊性」。研究發現主要有：第一、紅土上的訓練過程和競賽文化成為原住民文化的展演平台。第二、運動儀式和象徵展演扮演著消弭衝突和凝聚集體意識的角色，催化球隊的團體生產活動，再生產球隊的文化，更成為動員情緒、重構社會關係和激發運動能量的催化劑。第三、運動儀式體現出文化競逐的意義，其社會功能是形構球員據以行事的價值體系，維繫運動結構運作的穩定性。從紅土上的棒球文化，有助於見識原住民文化在當代社會中展演的多元樣貌。

This research began with an attempt to examine how cultural performances and athletic rituals on the baseball diamond have become a stage for the presentation of indigenous culture. On the basis of the ethnography of these indigenous baseball teams, the study focused on their training processes and contests to examine the cultural characteristics of how they played the game. The following research questions are probed: (1) observing how indigenous baseball players and cheer squads made up of indigenous players and their relatives borrow, appropriate, and reconstruct elements of their culture in their athletic shouts and battle songs; (2) demonstrating how baseball promotes social solidarity, and how athletic rituals resolve conflicts and maintain social integration; and (3) analyzing how this athletic culture embodies belief systems concerning mana and taboos; and (4) illuminating the meaning of cultural production between baseball culture and indigenous culture. Findings produced three results. The study showed that the training process and athletic culture on the baseball diamond was a representative arena for the indigenous culture. In addition, athletic rituals and symbolic performances prevented conflicts and created a collective consciousness; that is, they not only stimulated the productivity of the team and reproduced a team culture but also mobilized emotions, reconstructed social relationships, and acted as a catalyst for exercise energy. The research also found that the athletic rituals reflected the meaning of the cultural contests in that their social functions are based on value systems that the players can relate to and stand on. This enables them to maintain an athletic structure that can operate stably. The recognition of this playing culture on the baseball diamond provides us with an opportunity to widen our views and realize how indigenous culture can present and add diversity to our present-day society.